Application Method Comparison

CharacteristicCastingGunningPlastic RammingPumpingShotcrete
Rebound No High (10–15%) No No 4–5%
Dust Generation No High No No Negligible
Porosity Low Higher Higher Low Low
Setting Time 3–5 Hrs Immediate N/A 3–5 Hrs Immediate
Installation Rate 4–5 Ton/12h 2–3 t/h 1–2 t/h 6–7 t/h 6–7 t/h
Shuttering Large Minimal Large Large Minimal
Manpower High Low High Low Low

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